Austrian-born American anthropologist; student of Boas. Cooperated closely with Kroeber, and founded the Department of Anthropology at the University of California at Berkeley. Lowie was an authority on Native North Americans (Crow Indians), and along with Kroeber, developed the German Kulturgeschichte school into what is known as the American "Cultural History" school. Lowie formulated the principle of multilinear evolution, which would be central for the neo-evolutionist theory that would later be developed by his student, Julian Steward.